This study was conducted on the south slope of the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar (the Green Mountain) rangelands, northeast Libya to investigate changes in perennial plant species richness, landscape function and soil surface condition in order to determine whether exclosures are effected strategy for the improvement and rehabilitation of rangeland ecosystem at the regional level. Four study sites were positioned along a strong north-south rainfall gradient. A total of 28 monitoring sites were reinstalled and assessed between May and December 2014, the sites were then initially installed and assessed between the period of May and December 2006. The monitoring site layout was based on the Western Australia Rangeland Monitoring System (WARMS). The response variables measured were those included in the protocols of Landscape Function Analysis technique (LFA). Based on the results, LFA indices were in the low and medium scales in all of the monitoring sites within the exclosures. Notably, it is considered a good comparison tool for what it is currently occurring in the target grazing areas. No changes in perennial plant species richness amid the study areas, with the exception of the Thahar Altair area. Overall, in estimation, at least 10 years of protection from grazing is required in the higher rainfall area (Maduar Zetun), and a considerably longer period in the lower rainfall areas to the south before vegetation cover and soil surface conditions recover sufficiently to be re-exposed to grazing. Consequently, grazing should be controlled to conserve national forage resources.

Background: Gallstone disease, traditionally associated with older, overweight females, is increasingly being observed in younger individuals. This shift necessitates a closer examination of the unique characteristics and risk factors associated with gallstone development in this demographic. While conventional risk factors such as gender, age, and genetic predispositions continue to play a role, emerging trends suggest that modifiable factors, including dietary habits, lifestyle choices, and medical conditions, are also influential. Methods: In this observational study conducted at Al Wahda Teaching Hospital in Derna, Libya, between January 2021 and January 2022, we retrospectively collected data from 182 patients diagnosed with gallbladder disease. The study focused on recording demographic information and assessing modifiable risk factors, including dietary habits, reproductive history, smoking, and associated chronic illnesses. Results: The majority of patients were female (92.3%), with the most commonly affected age group being 26 - 30 years. The average weight of the population was also notably high. Assessment of modifiable risk factors revealed a high prevalence of a high-fat diet (75.8%) and a sedentary lifestyle (73.6%), while surprisingly, 69.2% maintained a high-fiber diet. A range of chronic illnesses contributed to a small proportion of cases, including hemolytic anemia (13.2%), diabetes mellitus (5.5%), and liver disease (4.4%). The predominance of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (54.9%) indicates a shift in treatment approach. Complications were absent in the majority of cases (81.3%), suggesting a generally favorable outcome in gallstone disease management within this cohort. Conclusions: The evolving nature of gallstone disease in younger populations calls for a reassessment of understanding and management strategies. The observed trends highlight the need for further research to better understand the changing landscape of gallstone disease and to develop targeted preventive measures for this demographic.